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            <h2 class="text-uppercase bold text-color-tertiary">Forestry in Sugar Maple Stands</h2>

            
                <h4 class="text-uppercase bold text-color-tertiary">Description</h4>
                <p>Recognition of hardwoods and conifers; distinguishing between hardwood, conifer, and non-commercial species bark; explanation of different types of decay; recognizing the effects of damage caused by a brush saw; study of pre-commercial thinning; techniques for using and maintaining a brush saw; recognizing risks in silviculture.</p>
                            <h4 class="text-uppercase bold text-color-tertiary">Objectives</h4>
                    <ul>
                            <li>
                                Identify the types of hardwood and conifer species in New Brunswick&#39;s silvicultural operations region

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain the composition, vein types, arrangement, and shape of the leaves of various hardwood species in New Brunswick</li>
                                            <li>Explain the different shapes and types of conifer needles or scales in New Brunswick</li>
                                            <li>Explain the composition, vein types, arrangement, and shape of the leaves of non-commercial species in New Brunswick</li>
                                            <li>Describe the necessary characteristics of twigs for each species in the identification region</li>
                                            <li>Distinguish the bark of young hardwoods, young conifers, and non-commercial species in New Brunswick</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Examine the effect of decay or injury caused by a brush saw on trees

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Recognize the different layers of the tree and their defense systems</li>
                                            <li>Explain the development of decay</li>
                                            <li>Recognize different types of decay and their points of entry</li>
                                            <li>Recognize various common defects and decays that indicate mechanical weakness</li>
                                            <li>Explain the severity of a stump injury</li>
                                            <li>Explain the importance of preventing multiple crown effects</li>
                                            <li>Recognize the long-term effect of minor injuries and the risk of infection</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand the concept of pre-commercial thinning in a sugar maple stand

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain the function and effects of pre-commercial thinning in a sugar maple stand</li>
                                            <li>Explain the minimum height of conifers and hardwoods qualifying for pre-commercial thinning</li>
                                            <li>Explain the maximum size of trees qualifying for pre-commercial thinning</li>
                                            <li>Explain the minimum spacing required between trees</li>
                                            <li>Describe the different types of pre-commercial thinning</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand the importance of selecting the best future tree for maple syrup production

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain the impact of selecting future trees</li>
                                            <li>Explain the quality factors</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand the maintenance of brush saw equipment and tools

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Recognize the general condition of the brush saw and its components, mechanisms, and systems</li>
                                            <li>Describe the fuel-oil mix ratio</li>
                                            <li>Describe the condition of the blade and its components, including assembly, protection, and safety elements</li>
                                            <li>Examine the attack points of the blade</li>
                                            <li>Describe blade maintenance and its components</li>
                                            <li>Explain the equipment and tool maintenance operations</li>
                                            <li>Describe the maintenance of personal protective equipment, the harness, and the attachment hook</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand directional felling techniques

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain the importance of directional felling</li>
                                            <li>Describe important elements of directional felling</li>
                                            <li>Explain the method for achieving the desired felling direction</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand basic safety and maintenance related to chainsaws

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain basic chainsaw maintenance and troubleshooting</li>
                                            <li>Explain the safety requirements and secure starting techniques for chainsaws</li>
                                            <li>Explain the different characteristics of chains and chainsaw sharpening</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand bucking and limbing techniques

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain limbing techniques, including the Lever Method and Sweep Method</li>
                                            <li>Explain proper bucking techniques, including safe removal of suspended logs or stressed branches (Spring Pole Removal)</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Recognize the risks associated with forestry work and the impact on health and safety

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Describe the causes of accidents and incidents related to forestry work</li>
                                            <li>Describe the causes of occupational diseases in forestry</li>
                                            <li>Describe the consequences of accidents and occupational diseases on forestry workers&#39; health and safety</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Understand preventive measures related to forest work risks

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>List the equipment designed for health and safety in pre-commercial thinning</li>
                                            <li>Describe how to use protective equipment for work tasks</li>
                                            <li>Describe how to handle equipment with loads</li>
                                            <li>Explain the importance of communication with co-workers</li>
                                            <li>Describe how to adopt a preventive attitude toward dangerous situations</li>
                                            <li>Describe how to recognize injuries</li>
                                            <li>Describe how to provide first aid</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                Discover the Occupational Health and Safety Act in New Brunswick&rsquo;s Forest sector

                                    <ul>
                                            <li>Explain the importance of safety prevention in the workplace</li>
                                            <li>Explain the importance of reporting accidents or potential hazards</li>
                                            <li>Describe employer and employee responsibilities</li>
                                    </ul>
                            </li>
                    </ul>
                    <h4 class="text-uppercase bold text-color-tertiary">Content Overview</h4>
                    <ul>
                            <li>Leaf composition: simple, compound</li>
                            <li>Vein types in leaves found in the region: alternate, pinnate, palmate</li>
                            <li>Leaf arrangement: alternate, opposite</li>
                            <li>Leaf shapes found in the region: entire, singly serrated, doubly serrated, undulate, lobed, lanceolate, etc.</li>
                            <li>Shape, color, texture, and aroma of buds and twigs of hardwoods in the region</li>
                            <li>Color and shape of hardwood bark in the region</li>
                            <li>Shape, type, texture of conifer needles in the region</li>
                            <li>Color and texture of conifer bark in the region</li>
                            <li>Hardwood species: red maple, sugar maple, white birch, yellow birch, black ash, balsam poplar, trembling aspen, American beech, red oak, Virginia hop-hornbeam, American elm</li>
                            <li>Conifer species: balsam fir, western red cedar, eastern hemlock, black spruce, red spruce, white spruce, larch, white pine, red pine, jack pine</li>
                            <li>Types of decay: fruiting bodies, cavities, deformations, cracks, holes in bark and wood, cankers, forks, bayonet trees, mechanical injuries, snags, maple borer damage, shallow rooting, frost cracks</li>
                            <li>Common defects: fruiting bodies, white trunk rot, friable white rot, spongy white rot, cubical brown rot, pitted brown rot, alveolar red foot rot, polypore, cavities, cracks, holes in the tree</li>
                            <li>Difference between a natural tree and thinned tree</li>
                            <li>Quality stand and quality species</li>
                            <li>Minimum spacing between trees: 1 meter</li>
                            <li>Maximum size of a tree: 15 cm at the stump</li>
                            <li>Minimum or maximum height for conifers: 2 to 7 meters</li>
                            <li>Minimum or maximum height for hardwoods: 4 to 9 meters</li>
                            <li>Priority species list in a sugar maple stand</li>
                            <li>Important components of a brush saw: fuel tank cap, stop switch, starter flap lever, starter handle, spark arrester muffler, adjustable handlebar mount, suspension hook</li>
                            <li>Blade: general condition, conformity, sharpening angle and sequence</li>
                            <li>Four sectors of a blade: soft, dangerous, and low-stress sectors</li>
                            <li>Blade maintenance: blade protector, safety guard, reduction foot cover, fixing nut, pressure washers, carrying disk</li>
                            <li>Compliance of assembly, protection, and safety elements</li>
                            <li>Maintenance operations: brush saw functionality, potential malfunctions, brush saw performance after adjustment, final checks</li>
                            <li>Personal protective equipment characteristics and usage conditions: maintaining accessories</li>
                            <li>Attack methods: tree felling direction, blade sectors, lateral blade tilt, handle angles, pushing direction</li>
                            <li>Appropriate personal protective equipment, correct harness adjustment, proper attachment of the brush saw to the harness</li>
                            <li>Fuel-oil mix ratio</li>
                            <li>Tree felling techniques, appropriate cutting techniques, clearing selected stems, quality of brush cutting according to silvicultural prescription</li>
                            <li>Safety requirements and techniques for safely starting a chainsaw: chainsaw safety features, personal protective equipment, pre-start checks, safe startup</li>
                            <li>Chainsaw sharpening: types of chains, sharpening tools, depth gauges, tips and sharpening sequence</li>
                            <li>Basic work techniques: lever and sweeping methods used in limbing, proper bucking techniques (cross-cutting), removal of suspended logs or stressed branches</li>
                            <li>Safety prevention: communication among workers, safety trails</li>
                            <li>Reporting accidents or risks: snag trees</li>
                            <li>Pre-commercial thinning equipment: CSA helmet, protective glasses, ear protectors, gloves, CSA safety boots, compressive bandages</li>
                            <li>Responsibilities: employer, employee</li>
                    </ul>
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